Gecko [ edgpens.lpkmn.gov.my ]

Name	Size	Permission
howto	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
technical	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
MyFirstContribution.html	101.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
MyFirstObjectWalk.html	72.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
SubmittingPatches.html	63.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
ToolsForGit.html	32.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
docbook-xsl.css	4.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
everyday.html	29.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-add.html	50.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-am.html	42.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-annotate.html	40.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-apply.html	44.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-archive.html	41.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bash.html	34.89 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect-lk2009.html	92.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect.html	52.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-blame.html	51.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-branch.html	51.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bugreport.html	32.14 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bundle.html	45.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cat-file.html	47.64 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-attr.html	34.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ignore.html	35.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-mailmap.html	31.67 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ref-format.html	36.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout-index.html	37.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout.html	59.77 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry-pick.html	42.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry.html	35.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-citool.html	30.53 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clean.html	35.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clone.html	52.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-column.html	32.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-graph.html	36.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-tree.html	39.13 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit.html	65.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-config.html	367.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-count-objects.html	31.79 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache--daemon.h...	31.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache.html	32.78 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-store.html	34.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-daemon.html	46.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-describe.html	40.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-files.html	86.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-index.html	91.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-tree.html	117.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff.html	95.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-difftool.html	37.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-export.html	43.41 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-import.html	111.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch-pack.html	35.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch.html	75.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-filter-branch.html	65.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fmt-merge-msg.html	33.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-ref.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-repo.html	32.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-format-patch.html	88 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck-objects.html	30.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck.html	41.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsmonitor--daemon.html	32.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gc.html	45.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-get-tar-commit-id.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-grep.html	46.16 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gui.html	34.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hash-object.html	32.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-help.html	39.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hook.html	31.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-backend.html	43.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-fetch.html	32.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-push.html	34.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-imap-send.html	37.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-index-pack.html	36.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init-db.html	30.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init.html	38.32 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-instaweb.html	33.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-interpret-trailers.html	50.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-log.html	169.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-files.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-remote.html	35.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-tree.html	37.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailinfo.html	35.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailsplit.html	31.95 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-maintenance.html	52.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-base.html	40.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-file.html	34.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-index.html	33.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-one-file.html	30.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-tree.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge.html	78.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool--lib.html	31.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool.html	50.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktag.html	32.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-multi-pack-index.html	35.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mv.html	32.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-name-rev.html	34.27 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-notes.html	49.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-p4.html	67.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-objects.html	53.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-redundant.html	31.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-refs.html	32.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-patch-id.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune-packed.html	31.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune.html	33.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pull.html	85.03 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-push.html	76.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-quiltimport.html	32.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-range-diff.html	43.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-read-tree.html	50.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rebase.html	103.48 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-receive-pack.html	42.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reflog.html	36.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-ext.html	35.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-fd.html	32.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-helpers.html	29.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote.html	42.5 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-repack.html	41.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-replace.html	37.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-request-pull.html	33.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rerere.html	39.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reset.html	56.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-restore.html	39.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-list.html	118.22 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-parse.html	72.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-revert.html	37.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rm.html	39.86 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-email.html	57.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-pack.html	36.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n--envsubst.html	31.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-setup.html	33.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shell.html	34.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shortlog.html	71.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-branch.html	38.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-index.html	32.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-ref.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show.html	112.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sparse-checkout.html	54.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stage.html	30.24 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stash.html	48.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-status.html	53.31 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stripspace.html	32.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-submodule.html	55.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-subtree.html	47.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-svn.html	89.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-switch.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-symbolic-ref.html	32.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tag.html	49.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tools.html	30.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-file.html	30.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-objects.html	31.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-index.html	60.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-ref.html	38.35 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-server-info.html	30.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-archive.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-pack.html	32.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-var.html	32.49 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-commit.html	30.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-pack.html	31.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-tag.html	30.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-version.html	30.66 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-web--browse.html	35.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-whatchanged.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-worktree.html	56.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-write-tree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitattributes.html	92.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcli.html	42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcore-tutorial.html	111 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcredentials.html	43.44 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcvs-migration.html	39.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitdiffcore.html	46.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
giteveryday.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitfaq.html	56.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitglossary.html	67.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
githooks.html	65.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitignore.html	40.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitk.html	40.38 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmailmap.html	35.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmodules.html	36.43 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitnamespaces.html	34.91 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitremote-helpers.html	58.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrepository-layout.html	50.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrevisions.html	51.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitsubmodules.html	44.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial-2.html	46.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial.html	57.55 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.conf.html	80.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.html	63.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitworkflows.html	52.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
howto-index.html	35.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
index.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
user-manual.html	261.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-

Code Editor : git-commit-tree.html

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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-commit-tree(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-commit-tree - Create a new commit object</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git commit-tree</em> &lt;tree&gt; [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
<em>git commit-tree</em> [(-p &lt;parent&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] [-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]] [(-m &lt;message&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;]
                  [(-F &lt;file&gt;)&#8230;&#8203;] &lt;tree&gt;</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This is usually not what an end user wants to run directly.  See
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a> instead.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creates a new commit object based on the provided tree object and
emits the new commit object id on stdout. The log message is read
from the standard input, unless <code>-m</code> or <code>-F</code> options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>-m</code> and <code>-F</code> options can be given any number of times, in any
order. The commit log message will be composed in the order in which
the options are given.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit object may have any number of parents. With exactly one
parent, it is an ordinary commit. Having more than one parent makes
the commit a merge between several lines of history. Initial (root)
commits have no parents.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>While a tree represents a particular directory state of a working
directory, a commit represents that state in "time", and explains how
to get there.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Normally a commit would identify a new "HEAD" state, and while Git
doesn&#8217;t care where you save the note about that state, in practice we
tend to just write the result to the file that is pointed at by
<code>.git/HEAD</code>, so that we can always see what the last committed
state was.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">&lt;tree&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>An existing tree object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-p &lt;parent&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Each <code>-p</code> indicates the id of a parent commit object.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-m &lt;message&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>A paragraph in the commit log message. This can be given more than
once and each &lt;message&gt; becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-F &lt;file&gt;</dt>
<dd>
<p>Read the commit log message from the given file. Use <code>-</code> to read
from the standard input. This can be given more than once and the
content of each file becomes its own paragraph.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">-S[&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--gpg-sign[=&lt;keyid&gt;]</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--no-gpg-sign</dt>
<dd>
<p>GPG-sign commits. The <code>keyid</code> argument is optional and
defaults to the committer identity; if specified, it must be
stuck to the option without a space. <code>--no-gpg-sign</code> is useful to
countermand a <code>--gpg-sign</code> option given earlier on the command line.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_commit_information">Commit Information</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit encapsulates:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>all parent object ids</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>author name, email and date</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>committer name and email and the commit time.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A commit comment is read from stdin. If a changelog
entry is not provided via "&lt;" redirection, <em>git commit-tree</em> will just wait
for one to be entered and terminated with ^D.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_date_formats">DATE FORMATS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>GIT_AUTHOR_DATE</code> and <code>GIT_COMMITTER_DATE</code> environment variables
support the following date formats:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">Git internal format</dt>
<dd>
<p>It is <code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt; &lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code>, where
<code>&lt;unix-timestamp&gt;</code> is the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch.
<code>&lt;time-zone-offset&gt;</code> is a positive or negative offset from UTC.
For example CET (which is 1 hour ahead of UTC) is <code>+0100</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">RFC 2822</dt>
<dd>
<p>The standard email format as described by RFC 2822, for example
<code>Thu, 07 Apr 2005 22:13:13 +0200</code>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">ISO 8601</dt>
<dd>
<p>Time and date specified by the ISO 8601 standard, for example
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>. The parser accepts a space instead of the
<code>T</code> character as well. Fractional parts of a second will be ignored,
for example <code>2005-04-07T22:13:13.019</code> will be treated as
<code>2005-04-07T22:13:13</code>.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Note</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
In addition, the date part is accepted in the following formats:
<code>YYYY.MM.DD</code>, <code>MM/DD/YYYY</code> and <code>DD.MM.YYYY</code>.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">Discussion</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences
of bytes.  There is no encoding translation at the core
level.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This
applies to tree objects, the index file, ref names, as well as
path names in command line arguments, environment variables
and config files (<code>.git/config</code> (see <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>),
<a href="gitignore.html">gitignore(5)</a>, <a href="gitattributes.html">gitattributes(5)</a> and
<a href="gitmodules.html">gitmodules(5)</a>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as
sequences of non-NUL bytes, there are no path name encoding
conversions (except on Mac and Windows). Therefore, using
non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However,
repositories created on such systems will not work properly on
UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows) and vice versa.
Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to
be UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other
extended ASCII encodings are also supported. This includes
ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but <em>not</em> UTF-16/32,
EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5,
EUC-x, CP9xx etc.).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded
in UTF-8, both the core and Git Porcelain are designed not to
force UTF-8 on projects.  If all participants of a particular
project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git
does not forbid it.  However, there are a few things to keep in
mind.</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p><em>git commit</em> and <em>git commit-tree</em> issues
a warning if the commit log message given to it does not look
like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your
project uses a legacy encoding.  The way to say this is to
have <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commit objects created with the above setting record the value
of <code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> in its <code>encoding</code> header.  This is to
help other people who look at them later.  Lack of this header
implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><em>git log</em>, <em>git show</em>, <em>git blame</em> and friends look at the
<code>encoding</code> header of a commit object, and try to re-code the
log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified.  You can
specify the desired output encoding with
<code>i18n.logOutputEncoding</code> in <code>.git/config</code> file, like this:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>[i18n]
        logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of
<code>i18n.commitEncoding</code> is used instead.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log
message when a commit is made to force UTF-8 at the commit
object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not necessarily a
reversible operation.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_files">FILES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>/etc/mailname</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">SEE ALSO</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-write-tree.html">git-write-tree(1)</a>
<a href="git-commit.html">git-commit(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<div id="footer-text">
Last updated 2022-08-30 21:40:02 UTC
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