Gecko [ edgpens.lpkmn.gov.my ]

Name	Size	Permission
howto	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
technical	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
MyFirstContribution.html	101.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
MyFirstObjectWalk.html	72.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
SubmittingPatches.html	63.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
ToolsForGit.html	32.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
docbook-xsl.css	4.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
everyday.html	29.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-add.html	50.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-am.html	42.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-annotate.html	40.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-apply.html	44.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-archive.html	41.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bash.html	34.89 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect-lk2009.html	92.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect.html	52.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-blame.html	51.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-branch.html	51.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bugreport.html	32.14 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bundle.html	45.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cat-file.html	47.64 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-attr.html	34.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ignore.html	35.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-mailmap.html	31.67 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ref-format.html	36.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout-index.html	37.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout.html	59.77 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry-pick.html	42.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry.html	35.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-citool.html	30.53 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clean.html	35.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clone.html	52.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-column.html	32.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-graph.html	36.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-tree.html	39.13 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit.html	65.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-config.html	367.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-count-objects.html	31.79 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache--daemon.h...	31.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache.html	32.78 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-store.html	34.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-daemon.html	46.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-describe.html	40.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-files.html	86.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-index.html	91.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
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git-diff.html	95.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-difftool.html	37.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-export.html	43.41 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-import.html	111.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch-pack.html	35.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch.html	75.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-filter-branch.html	65.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fmt-merge-msg.html	33.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-ref.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-repo.html	32.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-format-patch.html	88 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck-objects.html	30.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck.html	41.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsmonitor--daemon.html	32.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gc.html	45.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-get-tar-commit-id.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-grep.html	46.16 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gui.html	34.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hash-object.html	32.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-help.html	39.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hook.html	31.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-backend.html	43.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-fetch.html	32.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-push.html	34.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-imap-send.html	37.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-index-pack.html	36.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init-db.html	30.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init.html	38.32 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-instaweb.html	33.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-interpret-trailers.html	50.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-log.html	169.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-files.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-remote.html	35.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-tree.html	37.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailinfo.html	35.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailsplit.html	31.95 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-maintenance.html	52.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-base.html	40.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-file.html	34.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-index.html	33.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-one-file.html	30.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-tree.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge.html	78.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool--lib.html	31.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool.html	50.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktag.html	32.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-multi-pack-index.html	35.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mv.html	32.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-name-rev.html	34.27 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-notes.html	49.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-p4.html	67.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-objects.html	53.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-redundant.html	31.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-refs.html	32.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-patch-id.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune-packed.html	31.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune.html	33.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pull.html	85.03 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-push.html	76.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-quiltimport.html	32.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-range-diff.html	43.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-read-tree.html	50.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rebase.html	103.48 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-receive-pack.html	42.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reflog.html	36.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-ext.html	35.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-fd.html	32.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-helpers.html	29.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote.html	42.5 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-repack.html	41.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-replace.html	37.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-request-pull.html	33.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rerere.html	39.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reset.html	56.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-restore.html	39.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-list.html	118.22 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-parse.html	72.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-revert.html	37.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rm.html	39.86 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-email.html	57.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-pack.html	36.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n--envsubst.html	31.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-setup.html	33.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shell.html	34.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shortlog.html	71.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-branch.html	38.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-index.html	32.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-ref.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show.html	112.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sparse-checkout.html	54.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stage.html	30.24 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stash.html	48.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-status.html	53.31 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stripspace.html	32.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-submodule.html	55.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-subtree.html	47.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-svn.html	89.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-switch.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-symbolic-ref.html	32.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tag.html	49.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tools.html	30.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-file.html	30.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-objects.html	31.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-index.html	60.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-ref.html	38.35 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-server-info.html	30.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-archive.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-pack.html	32.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-var.html	32.49 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-commit.html	30.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-pack.html	31.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-tag.html	30.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-version.html	30.66 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-web--browse.html	35.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-whatchanged.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-worktree.html	56.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-write-tree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitattributes.html	92.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcli.html	42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcore-tutorial.html	111 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcredentials.html	43.44 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcvs-migration.html	39.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitdiffcore.html	46.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
giteveryday.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitfaq.html	56.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitglossary.html	67.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
githooks.html	65.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitignore.html	40.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitk.html	40.38 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmailmap.html	35.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmodules.html	36.43 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitnamespaces.html	34.91 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitremote-helpers.html	58.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrepository-layout.html	50.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrevisions.html	51.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitsubmodules.html	44.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial-2.html	46.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial.html	57.55 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.conf.html	80.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.html	63.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitworkflows.html	52.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
howto-index.html	35.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
index.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
user-manual.html	261.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-

Code Editor : git-merge-base.html

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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>git-merge-base(1) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>git-merge-base - Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="verseblock">
<pre class="content"><em>git merge-base</em> [-a|--all] &lt;commit&gt; &lt;commit&gt;&#8230;&#8203;
<em>git merge-base</em> [-a|--all] --octopus &lt;commit&gt;&#8230;&#8203;
<em>git merge-base</em> --is-ancestor &lt;commit&gt; &lt;commit&gt;
<em>git merge-base</em> --independent &lt;commit&gt;&#8230;&#8203;
<em>git merge-base</em> --fork-point &lt;ref&gt; [&lt;commit&gt;]</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><em>git merge-base</em> finds best common ancestor(s) between two commits to use
in a three-way merge.  One common ancestor is <em>better</em> than another common
ancestor if the latter is an ancestor of the former.  A common ancestor
that does not have any better common ancestor is a <em>best common
ancestor</em>, i.e. a <em>merge base</em>.  Note that there can be more than one
merge base for a pair of commits.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_operation_modes">OPERATION MODES</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As the most common special case, specifying only two commits on the
command line means computing the merge base between the given two commits.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>More generally, among the two commits to compute the merge base from,
one is specified by the first commit argument on the command line;
the other commit is a (possibly hypothetical) commit that is a merge
across all the remaining commits on the command line.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As a consequence, the <em>merge base</em> is not necessarily contained in each of the
commit arguments if more than two commits are specified. This is different
from <a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a> when used with the <code>--merge-base</code> option.</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">--octopus</dt>
<dd>
<p>Compute the best common ancestors of all supplied commits,
in preparation for an n-way merge.  This mimics the behavior
of <em>git show-branch --merge-base</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--independent</dt>
<dd>
<p>Instead of printing merge bases, print a minimal subset of
the supplied commits with the same ancestors.  In other words,
among the commits given, list those which cannot be reached
from any other.  This mimics the behavior of <em>git show-branch
--independent</em>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--is-ancestor</dt>
<dd>
<p>Check if the first &lt;commit&gt; is an ancestor of the second &lt;commit&gt;,
and exit with status 0 if true, or with status 1 if not.
Errors are signaled by a non-zero status that is not 1.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--fork-point</dt>
<dd>
<p>Find the point at which a branch (or any history that leads
to &lt;commit&gt;) forked from another branch (or any reference)
&lt;ref&gt;. This does not just look for the common ancestor of
the two commits, but also takes into account the reflog of
&lt;ref&gt; to see if the history leading to &lt;commit&gt; forked from
an earlier incarnation of the branch &lt;ref&gt; (see discussion
on this mode below).</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-a</dt>
<dt class="hdlist1">--all</dt>
<dd>
<p>Output all merge bases for the commits, instead of just one.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion">DISCUSSION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Given two commits <em>A</em> and <em>B</em>, <code>git merge-base A B</code> will output a commit
which is reachable from both <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> through the parent relationship.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example, with this topology:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>         o---o---o---B
        /
---o---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>the merge base between <em>A</em> and <em>B</em> is <em>1</em>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Given three commits <em>A</em>, <em>B</em> and <em>C</em>, <code>git merge-base A B C</code> will compute the
merge base between <em>A</em> and a hypothetical commit <em>M</em>, which is a merge
between <em>B</em> and <em>C</em>.  For example, with this topology:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>       o---o---o---o---C
      /
     /   o---o---o---B
    /   /
---2---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>the result of <code>git merge-base A B C</code> is <em>1</em>.  This is because the
equivalent topology with a merge commit <em>M</em> between <em>B</em> and <em>C</em> is:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>       o---o---o---o---o
      /                 \
     /   o---o---o---o---M
    /   /
---2---1---o---o---o---A</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and the result of <code>git merge-base A M</code> is <em>1</em>.  Commit <em>2</em> is also a
common ancestor between <em>A</em> and <em>M</em>, but <em>1</em> is a better common ancestor,
because <em>2</em> is an ancestor of <em>1</em>.  Hence, <em>2</em> is not a merge base.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The result of <code>git merge-base --octopus A B C</code> is <em>2</em>, because <em>2</em> is
the best common ancestor of all commits.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When the history involves criss-cross merges, there can be more than one
<em>best</em> common ancestor for two commits.  For example, with this topology:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>---1---o---A
    \ /
     X
    / \
---2---o---o---B</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>both <em>1</em> and <em>2</em> are merge-bases of A and B.  Neither one is better than
the other (both are <em>best</em> merge bases).  When the <code>--all</code> option is not given,
it is unspecified which best one is output.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A common idiom to check "fast-forward-ness" between two commits A
and B is (or at least used to be) to compute the merge base between
A and B, and check if it is the same as A, in which case, A is an
ancestor of B.  You will see this idiom used often in older scripts.</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>A=$(git rev-parse --verify A)
if test "$A" = "$(git merge-base A B)"
then
        ... A is an ancestor of B ...
fi</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In modern git, you can say this in a more direct way:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>if git merge-base --is-ancestor A B
then
        ... A is an ancestor of B ...
fi</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>instead.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_discussion_on_fork_point_mode">Discussion on fork-point mode</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After working on the <code>topic</code> branch created with <code>git switch -c
topic origin/master</code>, the history of remote-tracking branch
<code>origin/master</code> may have been rewound and rebuilt, leading to a
history of this shape:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>                 o---B2
                /
---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
        \
         B0
          \
           D0---D1---D (topic)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>where <code>origin/master</code> used to point at commits B0, B1, B2 and now it
points at B, and your <code>topic</code> branch was started on top of it back
when <code>origin/master</code> was at B0, and you built three commits, D0, D1,
and D, on top of it.  Imagine that you now want to rebase the work
you did on the topic on top of the updated origin/master.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In such a case, <code>git merge-base origin/master topic</code> would return the
parent of B0 in the above picture, but B0^..D is <strong>not</strong> the range of
commits you would want to replay on top of B (it includes B0, which
is not what you wrote; it is a commit the other side discarded when
it moved its tip from B0 to B1).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic</code> is designed to
help in such a case.  It takes not only B but also B0, B1, and B2
(i.e. old tips of the remote-tracking branches your repository&#8217;s
reflog knows about) into account to see on which commit your topic
branch was built and finds B0, allowing you to replay only the
commits on your topic, excluding the commits the other side later
discarded.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Hence</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ fork_point=$(git merge-base --fork-point origin/master topic)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>will find B0, and</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git rebase --onto origin/master $fork_point topic</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>will replay D0, D1 and D on top of B to create a new history of this
shape:</p>
</div>
<div class="literalblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>                 o---B2
                /
---o---o---B1--o---o---o---B (origin/master)
        \                   \
         B0                  D0'--D1'--D' (topic - updated)
          \
           D0---D1---D (topic - old)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A caveat is that older reflog entries in your repository may be
expired by <code>git gc</code>.  If B0 no longer appears in the reflog of the
remote-tracking branch <code>origin/master</code>, the <code>--fork-point</code> mode
obviously cannot find it and fails, avoiding to give a random and
useless result (such as the parent of B0, like the same command
without the <code>--fork-point</code> option gives).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Also, the remote-tracking branch you use the <code>--fork-point</code> mode
with must be the one your topic forked from its tip.  If you forked
from an older commit than the tip, this mode would not find the fork
point (imagine in the above sample history B0 did not exist,
origin/master started at B1, moved to B2 and then B, and you forked
your topic at origin/master^ when origin/master was B1; the shape of
the history would be the same as above, without B0, and the parent
of B1 is what <code>git merge-base origin/master topic</code> correctly finds,
but the <code>--fork-point</code> mode will not, because it is not one of the
commits that used to be at the tip of origin/master).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_see_also">See also</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="git-rev-list.html">git-rev-list(1)</a>,
<a href="git-show-branch.html">git-show-branch(1)</a>,
<a href="git-merge.html">git-merge(1)</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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