Gecko [ edgpens.lpkmn.gov.my ]

Name	Size	Permission
howto	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
technical	[ DIR ]	drwxrwxrwx
MyFirstContribution.html	101.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
MyFirstObjectWalk.html	72.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
SubmittingPatches.html	63.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
ToolsForGit.html	32.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
docbook-xsl.css	4.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
everyday.html	29.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-add.html	50.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-am.html	42.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-annotate.html	40.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-apply.html	44.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-archive.html	41.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bash.html	34.89 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect-lk2009.html	92.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bisect.html	52.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-blame.html	51.15 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-branch.html	51.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bugreport.html	32.14 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-bundle.html	45.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cat-file.html	47.64 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-attr.html	34.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ignore.html	35.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-mailmap.html	31.67 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-check-ref-format.html	36.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout-index.html	37.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-checkout.html	59.77 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry-pick.html	42.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-cherry.html	35.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-citool.html	30.53 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clean.html	35.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-clone.html	52.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-column.html	32.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-graph.html	36.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit-tree.html	39.13 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-commit.html	65.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-config.html	367.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-count-objects.html	31.79 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache--daemon.h...	31.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-cache.html	32.78 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential-store.html	34.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-credential.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-daemon.html	46.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-describe.html	40.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-files.html	86.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-index.html	91.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff-tree.html	117.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-diff.html	95.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-difftool.html	37.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-export.html	43.41 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fast-import.html	111.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch-pack.html	35.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fetch.html	75.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-filter-branch.html	65.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fmt-merge-msg.html	33.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-ref.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-for-each-repo.html	32.12 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-format-patch.html	88 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck-objects.html	30.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsck.html	41.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-fsmonitor--daemon.html	32.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gc.html	45.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-get-tar-commit-id.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-grep.html	46.16 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-gui.html	34.8 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hash-object.html	32.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-help.html	39.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-hook.html	31.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-backend.html	43.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-fetch.html	32.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-http-push.html	34.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-imap-send.html	37.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-index-pack.html	36.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init-db.html	30.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-init.html	38.32 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-instaweb.html	33.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-interpret-trailers.html	50.23 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-log.html	169.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-files.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-remote.html	35.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-ls-tree.html	37.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailinfo.html	35.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mailsplit.html	31.95 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-maintenance.html	52.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-base.html	40.83 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-file.html	34.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-index.html	33.18 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-one-file.html	30.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge-tree.html	30.72 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-merge.html	78.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool--lib.html	31.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mergetool.html	50.4 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktag.html	32.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mktree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-multi-pack-index.html	35.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-mv.html	32.81 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-name-rev.html	34.27 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-notes.html	49.29 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-p4.html	67.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-objects.html	53.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-redundant.html	31.61 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pack-refs.html	32.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-patch-id.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune-packed.html	31.36 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-prune.html	33.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-pull.html	85.03 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-push.html	76.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-quiltimport.html	32.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-range-diff.html	43.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-read-tree.html	50.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rebase.html	103.48 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-receive-pack.html	42.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reflog.html	36.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-ext.html	35.34 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-fd.html	32.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote-helpers.html	29.82 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-remote.html	42.5 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-repack.html	41.93 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-replace.html	37.28 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-request-pull.html	33.02 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rerere.html	39.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-reset.html	56.54 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-restore.html	39.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-list.html	118.22 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rev-parse.html	72.3 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-revert.html	37.42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-rm.html	39.86 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-email.html	57.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-send-pack.html	36.87 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n--envsubst.html	31.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-i18n.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sh-setup.html	33.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shell.html	34.17 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-shortlog.html	71.45 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-branch.html	38.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-index.html	32.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show-ref.html	37.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-show.html	112.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-sparse-checkout.html	54.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stage.html	30.24 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stash.html	48.68 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-status.html	53.31 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-stripspace.html	32.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-submodule.html	55.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-subtree.html	47.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-svn.html	89.33 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-switch.html	41.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-symbolic-ref.html	32.69 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tag.html	49.74 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-tools.html	30.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-file.html	30.51 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-unpack-objects.html	31.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-index.html	60.6 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-ref.html	38.35 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-update-server-info.html	30.84 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-archive.html	32.58 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-upload-pack.html	32.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-var.html	32.49 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-commit.html	30.76 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-pack.html	31.71 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-verify-tag.html	30.75 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-version.html	30.66 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-web--browse.html	35.06 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-whatchanged.html	31.39 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-worktree.html	56.98 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git-write-tree.html	31.25 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
git.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitattributes.html	92.19 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcli.html	42 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcore-tutorial.html	111 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcredentials.html	43.44 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitcvs-migration.html	39.85 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitdiffcore.html	46.2 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
giteveryday.html	50.37 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitfaq.html	56.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitglossary.html	67.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
githooks.html	65.99 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitignore.html	40.59 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitk.html	40.38 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmailmap.html	35.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitmodules.html	36.43 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitnamespaces.html	34.91 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitremote-helpers.html	58.26 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrepository-layout.html	50.05 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitrevisions.html	51.97 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitsubmodules.html	44.09 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial-2.html	46.96 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gittutorial.html	57.55 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.conf.html	80.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitweb.html	63.57 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
gitworkflows.html	52.47 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
howto-index.html	35.7 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
index.html	106.92 KB	-rw-rw-rw-
user-manual.html	261.1 KB	-rw-rw-rw-

Code Editor : gitcli.html

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<body class="manpage">
<div id="header">
<h1>gitcli(7) Manual Page</h1>
<h2 id="_name">NAME</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<p>gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>gitcli</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes
"tree-ish", depending on the context and command) and paths as their
arguments.  Here are the rules:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Options come first and then args.
A subcommand may take dashed options (which may take their own
arguments, e.g. "--max-parents 2") and arguments.  You SHOULD
give dashed options first and then arguments.  Some commands may
accept dashed options after you have already gave non-option
arguments (which may make the command ambiguous), but you should
not rely on it (because eventually we may find a way to fix
these ambiguity by enforcing the "options then args" rule).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Revisions come first and then paths.
E.g. in <code>git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86 include/asm-x86</code>,
<code>v1.0</code> and <code>v2.0</code> are revisions and <code>arch/x86</code> and <code>include/asm-x86</code>
are paths.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path,
they can be disambiguated by placing <code>--</code> between them.
E.g. <code>git diff -- HEAD</code> is, "I have a file called HEAD in my work
tree.  Please show changes between the version I staged in the index
and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference
between the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole".  You can say
<code>git diff HEAD --</code> to ask for the latter.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Without disambiguating <code>--</code>, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors
out and asking you to disambiguate when ambiguous.  E.g. if you have a
file called HEAD in your work tree, <code>git diff HEAD</code> is ambiguous, and
you have to say either <code>git diff HEAD --</code> or <code>git diff -- HEAD</code> to
disambiguate.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Because <code>--</code> disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it
cannot be used for those commands to separate options and revisions.
You can use <code>--end-of-options</code> for this (it also works for commands
that do not distinguish between revisions in paths, in which case it
is simply an alias for <code>--</code>).</p>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is
a good practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing
disambiguating <code>--</code> at appropriate places.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect
them from getting globbed by the shell.  These two mean different
things:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git restore *.c
$ git restore \*.c</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking
the dot-C files in your working tree to be overwritten with the version
in the index.  The latter passes the <code>*.c</code> to Git, and you are asking
the paths in the index that match the pattern to be checked out to your
working tree.  After running <code>git add hello.c; rm hello.c</code>, you will <em>not</em>
see <code>hello.c</code> in your working tree with the former, but with the latter
you will.</p>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Just as the filesystem <em>.</em> (period) refers to the current directory,
using a <em>.</em> as a repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative
path and means your current repository.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are
scripting Git:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>It&#8217;s preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that
you should prefer <code>git foo</code> to <code>git-foo</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Splitting short options to separate words (prefer <code>git foo -a -b</code>
to <code>git foo -ab</code>, the latter may not even work).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When a command-line option takes an argument, use the <em>stuck</em> form.  In
other words, write <code>git foo -oArg</code> instead of <code>git foo -o Arg</code> for short
options, and <code>git foo --long-opt=Arg</code> instead of <code>git foo --long-opt Arg</code>
for long options.  An option that takes optional option-argument must be
written in the <em>stuck</em> form.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>When you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is
not ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree.  E.g. do not write
<code>git log -1 HEAD</code> but write <code>git log -1 HEAD --</code>; the former will not work
if you happen to have a file called <code>HEAD</code> in the work tree.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Many commands allow a long option <code>--option</code> to be abbreviated
only to their unique prefix (e.g. if there is no other option
whose name begins with <code>opt</code>, you may be able to spell <code>--opt</code> to
invoke the <code>--option</code> flag), but you should fully spell them out
when writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a
new option whose name shares the same prefix, e.g. <code>--optimize</code>,
to make a short prefix that used to be unique no longer unique.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_enhanced_option_parser">ENHANCED OPTION PARSER</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the
time of the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_magic_options">Magic Options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a
couple of magic command-line options:</p>
</div>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1">-h</dt>
<dd>
<p>gives a pretty printed usage of the command.</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git describe -h
usage: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] &lt;commit-ish&gt;*
   or: git describe [&lt;options&gt;] --dirty

--contains            find the tag that comes after the commit
    --debug               debug search strategy on stderr
    --all                 use any ref
    --tags                use any tag, even unannotated
    --long                always use long format
    --abbrev[=&lt;n&gt;]        use &lt;n&gt; digits to display SHA-1s</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that some subcommand (e.g. <code>git grep</code>) may behave differently
when there are things on the command line other than <code>-h</code>, but <code>git
subcmd -h</code> without anything else on the command line is meant to
consistently give the usage.</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">--help-all</dt>
<dd>
<p>Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that
are deprecated, and such options are hidden from the default usage. This
option gives the full list of options.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_negating_options">Negating options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing <code>--no-</code>. For
example, <code>git branch</code> has the option <code>--track</code> which is <em>on</em> by default. You
can use <code>--no-track</code> to override that behaviour. The same goes for <code>--color</code>
and <code>--no-color</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_aggregating_short_options">Aggregating short options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short
options. This means that you can for example use <code>git rm -rf</code> or
<code>git clean -fdx</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_abbreviating_long_options">Abbreviating long options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique
prefix of a long option as if it is fully spelled out, but use this
with a caution.  For example, <code>git commit --amen</code> behaves as if you
typed <code>git commit --amend</code>, but that is true only until a later version
of Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix,
e.g. <code>git commit --amenity</code> option.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_separating_argument_from_the_option">Separating argument from the option</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate
word on the command line.  That means that all the following uses work:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git foo --long-opt=Arg
$ git foo --long-opt Arg
$ git foo -oArg
$ git foo -o Arg</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>However, this is <strong>NOT</strong> allowed for switches with an optional value, where the
<em>stuck</em> form must be used:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ git describe --abbrev HEAD     # correct
$ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD  # correct
$ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD  # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT</pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_notes_on_frequently_confused_options">NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Many commands that can work on files in the working tree
and/or in the index can take <code>--cached</code> and/or <code>--index</code>
options.  Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because
the index was originally called cache, these two are
synonyms.  They are <strong>not</strong>&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;these two options mean very
different things.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <code>--cached</code> option is used to ask a command that
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>only</strong> work
with the index.  For example, <code>git grep</code>, when used
without a commit to specify from which commit to look for
strings in, usually works on files in the working tree,
but with the <code>--cached</code> option, it looks for strings in
the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>--index</code> option is used to ask a command that
usually works on files in the working tree to <strong>also</strong>
affect the index.  For example, <code>git stash apply</code> usually
merges changes recorded in a stash entry to the working tree,
but with the <code>--index</code> option, it also merges changes to
the index as well.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>git apply</code> command can be used with <code>--cached</code> and
<code>--index</code> (but not at the same time).  Usually the command
only affects the files in the working tree, but with
<code>--index</code>, it patches both the files and their index
entries, and with <code>--cached</code>, it modifies only the index
entries.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also <a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/</a> and
<a href="https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/" class="bare">https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/</a> for further
information.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or
in the index can take <code>--staged</code> and/or <code>--worktree</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>--staged</code> is exactly like <code>--cached</code>, which is used to ask a
command to only work on the index, not the working tree.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>--worktree</code> is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the
working tree only, not the index.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work
on both the index and the working tree.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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